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Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie (), also known as Alexandre Dumas ((:alɛksɑ̃dʁ dyma); 25 March 1762 – 26 February 1806) was a general in Revolutionary France and the highest-ranking man of African descent all time in a European army.〔Toussaint Louverture was commissioned as "general-in-chief" of the army in French Saint-Domingue during the Haitian Revolution. Alfred-Amédée Dodds, who was of one-eighth African descent, became a general of division in 1898 and general-in-chief in 1900, but commanded only colonial troops. (See ''La Revue hebdomadaire,'' 2nd series, 4th year, v. 9, 4 August 1900, n.p., available on line at https://books.google.com/books?id=jCI0AAAAMAAJ&dq=g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20Alfred%20Dodds%20%22indo-chine%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20Alfred%20Dodds%20%22indo-chine%22&f=false and “Le Général Dodds,” in Angelo Mariani and Joseph Uzanne, eds., ''Figures contemporaines: Tirées de l'album Mariani,'' v. 6 (Paris : H. Floury, 1901), n.p., available on line at https://books.google.com/books?id=uutAAAAAYAAJ&dq=g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20Alfred%20Dodds%20%22indo-chine%22&pg=RA3-PA1886-IA4#v=onepage&q&f=false). Abram Petrovich Gannibal had achieved major general rank in the Imperial Russian Army by 1752. In continental Europe, however, Alexandre Dumas is the only general of division and general-in-chief in modern history.〕 He was the first person of non-European origin in the French military to become brigadier general, the first to become divisional general, and the first to become general-in-chief of a French army.〔Alexandre Dumas was made brigadier general (the entry-level rank for generals in the French military hierarchy) of the French Army of the West on July 30, 1793, general of division one month later, and general-in-chief of the Army of the Western Pyrenees. Tom Reiss, ''The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo'' (New York: Crown Publishers, 2012), 145 and 147. The next black people to make brigadier general in the French military were Toussaint Louverture, André Rigaud, and Louis-Jacques Beauvais, all promoted to that rank on July 23, 1795. Madison Smartt Bell, ''Toussaint Louverture: A Biography'' (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), 119. Note: Alexandre Dumas was the first French general of African descent, and was of mixed race; Toussaint Louverture was the first French general of ''purely'' African descent. The assertion that Toussaint was "the first black general in French history" is true if mixed-race men are not considered in this category, or if Dumas is overlooked. The claim has been made by Pierre Pluchon, ''Toussaint Louverture: Un révolutionnaire d'Ancien Régime'' (Paris: Fayard, 1989), 554, quoted in Daniel Desormeaux, Deborah Jenson and Molly Krueger Enz, "The First of the (Black) Memorialists: Toussaint Louverture," ''Yale French Studies'' no: 107 (2005), 138.〕 Dumas shared the status of the highest-ranking officer of Sub-Saharan origin in the Western world only with Toussaint Louverture (who in May 1797 became the second general-in-chief of Sub-Saharan origin in the French military〔Madison Smartt Bell, ''Toussaint Louverture: A Biography'' (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), 144.〕) until 1975, when the American Daniel "Chappie" James Jr became a four-star general in the United States Air Force, the closest American equivalent of Général d'Armée, Dumas's highest rank. Born in Saint-Domingue, Thomas-Alexandre was of mixed race, the son of a white French nobleman and an enslaved mother of African descent. He was born into slavery because of his mother's status but was also born into nobility because of his father's. His father took the boy with him to France in 1776 and had him educated. Slavery had been illegal in metropolitan France since 1315 and thus any slave would be freed ''de facto'' by being in the country.〔(Christopher L. Miller, ''The French Atlantic triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade )'', p.20. Duke University Press〕 His father helped Thomas-Alexandre enter the French military. Dumas played a pivotal role in the French Revolutionary Wars. Entering the military as a private at age 24, Dumas rose by age 31 to command 53,000 troops as the General-in-Chief of the French Army of the Alps. Dumas's strategic victory in opening the high Alps passes enabled the French to initiate their Second Italian Campaign against the Austrian Empire. During the battles in Italy, Austrian troops nicknamed Dumas as the ''Schwarzer Teufel'' ("Black Devil," ''Diable Noir'' in French).〔Report by Dumas's aide-de-camp Dermoncourt, quoted in Alexandre Dumas, ''père'', ''Mes mémoires'', v. 1 (Paris, 1881), 110.〕 The French – notably Napoleon – nicknamed him "the Horatius Cocles of the Tyrol"〔Alexandre Dumas, ''père'', ''Mes mémoires'', v. 1 (Paris, 1881), 127.〕 (after a hero who had saved ancient Rome〔Tom Reiss, ''The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo'' (New York: Crown Publishers, 2012), 213.〕) for single-handedly defeating a squadron of enemy troops at a bridge over the Eisack River in Clausen (today Klausen, or ''Chiusa'', Italy). Dumas served as commander of the French cavalry forces on the ''Expédition d’Égypte'', a failed French attempt to conquer Egypt and the Levant. On the march from Alexandria to Cairo, he clashed verbally with the Expedition's supreme commander Napoleon Bonaparte, under whom he had served in the Italian campaigns. In March 1799, Dumas left Egypt on an unsound vessel, which was forced to put aground in the southern Italian Kingdom of Naples, where he was taken prisoner and thrown into a dungeon. He languished there until the spring of 1801. Returning to France after his release, he and his wife had a son, Alexandre Dumas, who became one of France's most widely read authors of all time. The novelist Dumas's most famous characters were inspired by the life of General Dumas.〔Reiss (2012), ''The Black Count'', pp. 12–14. See also Gilles Henry, ''Les Dumas: Le secret de Monte Cristo'' (Paris: France-Empire, 1999). A. Craig Bell argues for Porthos in ''Alexandre Dumas: A Biography and Study'' (London: Cassell and Co., 1950), 7.〕 The general’s grandson, Alexandre Dumas, ''fils'', would become one of France's most celebrated playwrights of the second half of the nineteenth century. Another grandson, Henry Bauër, who was never recognized by the novelist Dumas, was a prominent left-leaning theater critic in the same period.〔Marcel Cerf, ''Le mousquetaire de la plume: La vie d'un grand critique dramatique, Henry Bauër, fils naturel d'Alexandre Dumas, 1851–1915'' (Paris: Académie d'Histoire, 1975.).〕 The General's great-grandson, Gérard Bauër, son of Henry Bauër, was also an accomplished writer in the twentieth century. A great-great-grandson, Alexandre Lippmann (grandson of the playwright Dumas fils), was a two-time gold medalist in fencing at the 1908 and 1924 Olympic games (he won silver in 1920). ==Ancestry== Born 25 March 1762 in Jérémie, Saint-Domingue (today Haiti), Thomas-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie was the son of a French nobleman, the Marquis Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie (Antoine) (20 June 1714, Belleville-en-Caux–15 June 1786, Saint-Germain-en-Laye〔Death certificate of Alexandre-Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, June 16, 1786, Musée Alexandre Dumas (Villers-Cotterêts, France).〕) and Marie-Cessette Dumas (birth date unknown; d. 1772, La Guinodée, Saint-Domingue〔Tom Reiss, ''The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo'' (New York: Crown Publishers, 2012), 54.〕), his black African slave. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thomas-Alexandre Dumas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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